Magnitude‐frequency characteristics of effective discharge for suspended sediment transport,Fraser River,British Columbia,Canada     

Henry M. Sichingabula 《水文研究》1999,13(9):1361-1380

This study analyses archival discharge and sediment concentration data (1965–1988), monitored by Water Survey of Canada, to examine suspended sediment transport rates and their relationship to effective discharge (Q_eff) based on daily discharge duration curves. Effective discharge was determined as the mid‐point of the discharge class transporting the greatest portion of the suspended sediment load (hence class‐based Q_eff). Results showed that the concept of effective discharge was applicable to the Fraser River basin where the average class‐based Q_eff occurred during 8·4% of the study period with individual values ranging from 0·03% to 16·1%. The durations of effective discharge classes ranged from 0·02% to 19·6% while the transport of 50% of total sediment loads ranged from 3% to 22% with an average of 14% of the time. Equations for predicting the class‐based Q_eff in the Fraser River basin from bankfull discharge and drainage area are presented. The observed variations among stations in sediment‐discharge regimes based on subjectively selected 20 discharge classes, seem to reflect the influence of sediment controlling factors such as geology, physiography, catchment size and land use practice in the basin. Future directions of research on applications of the effective discharge concept are explored. As a solution to the problem of lack of an objective method for determining the effective discharge, the effective discharge should be determined from event based assessments of sediment transport (event‐based Q_eff), avoiding any subjectivity in the selection of number of discharge classes used for its determination. In conclusion, it is proposed that continued use of the conventional method of determining Q_eff should cease. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于改进水位动态法的年降水入渗补给系数推求     

宋秋波  黄凯  乔家乐 《水文》2018,38(3):43-48

准确计算降水补给系数对于水资源评价等十分重要。水位动态法因其使用方便、成本低、精度高等优点被广泛用于计算降水入渗补给系数。但传统水位动态法是以次降水入渗补给过程为基础,往往忽略过程中地下水排泄、滞后等问题,导致计算结果存在偏差。针对传统水位动态法的不足,提出一种改进水位动态法,将年降水看作一次降水过程,基于水均衡原理,计算降水入渗补给系数。并以沧州市金牛镇大牛庄村为例,对比两种方法的计算结果。结果表明:虽然两种方法计算结果在同一数量级,但改进水位动态法相对于传统水位动态法减小了降水入渗补给系数间的偏差,使得结果更集中可靠。  相似文献   

城市洪涝中雨水口泄流能力的试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

陈倩  夏军强  董柏良 《水科学进展》2020,31(1):10-17

近年来中国城市洪涝灾害频发,对人民群众的生命财产安全造成了严重威胁,其中雨水口泄流能力的大小对于计算受淹区的积水程度或路面雨水的排除效率至关重要。为此本研究专门修建了具有上下两层结构的城市洪涝过程综合试验平台,考虑雨篦子、雨水井及侧支管等完整的雨水口结构,开展了76组不同来流水深及流速下的雨水口泄流能力试验。试验结果表明:雨水口的下泄流量在井身充满前后表现出不同的变化规律,即在雨水井充满前,路面雨水以堰流形式下泄;在雨水井充满后,以管嘴出流形式下泄。基于试验数据率定出雨水口堰流及管嘴出流时的流量系数,并进一步采用量纲分析法,建立雨水口的泄流能力与雨篦子尺寸、篦前水流的弗劳德数等因素之间的经验关系,具有较高的相关系数。采用本文公式计算原型尺寸雨水口的泄流能力,并与中国现行雨水口泄流能力的参考值进行对比,发现当水深较大时现行参考值偏大较多。本研究成果能为精细化的城市洪涝管理提供计算依据。  相似文献   

阿拉伯海淡水输运量的季节变化特征研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

许金电  高璐  邱云  张俊鹏 《海洋学报》2019,41(7):1-14

本文利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料，阐述了阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋，阿拉伯海与阿曼湾之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征，揭示了阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征。结果表明，阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括来自赤道西印度洋、河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括降水量减蒸发量、向阿曼湾输运)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换失去的淡水(降水量减蒸发量)主要由来自赤道西印度洋(包括孟加拉湾)的淡水输运来补偿，赤道西印度洋向阿拉伯海的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。阿拉伯海的淡水输运量在1?6月和12月为负值，失去淡水；7?11月为正值，9月最大，得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面）的淡水输运量主要出现在表层至约200 m层，多年平均约为0.1×106 m3/s，向阿拉伯海输运。从10月至翌年3月，来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运，该输运主要出现在印度半岛西南端近海约60 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季，出现在索马里半岛东部海域的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运，东部高盐水向南输运)，不仅输运量是一年当中最大的，而且影响的深度可达约300 m。该输运从6月开始形成，8?9月最强，11月迅速减弱。阿拉伯海与阿曼湾的淡水输运量较小，其垂直分布呈现3层结构，表层至10 m层，高盐水向阿拉伯海输运；15～170 m层，低盐水向阿曼湾输运；175～400 m层，高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。阿曼湾湾口断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s，向阿曼湾输运。  相似文献   

20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育对长江入海泥沙的响应     

姚振兴  陈庆强  杨钦川 《地理学报》2019,74(3):572-585

以20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼6个钻孔潮坪层段为研究对象,根据柱样粒度特征、碳/氮元素含量、有机碳稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）和C/N比,结合长江入海泥沙通量的变化,研究20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育与长江入海泥沙的响应关系。结果表明：长江入海泥沙通量及组成是20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼物质粗细变化的主控因素;崇明岛东部盐沼沉积物δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度、有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性在不同时期均存在差异;20世纪60年代,长江入海泥沙量达到顶峰,流域不同侵蚀区域的泥沙相互混合,有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性及δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度均很差;20世纪90年代以来,崇明岛东部地区进行了高强度的围垦活动,δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度下降。这表明20世纪50-80年代崇明岛东部盐沼发育受长江入海泥沙控制,20世纪90年代以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育除受长江入海泥沙控制外,还受围垦等人类活动的显著影响。  相似文献   

模拟电厂温排水温升和游离余氯对亚心形扁藻生长影响的研究     

戴雅奇  仇建标  潘利平  彭欣  李彬彬  黄莹莹  陈雪初 《海洋科学》2018,42(2):134-140

以亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)为受试藻种,模拟温升和游离余氯条件,研究浮游植物对核电厂温排水的生态响应。结果表明,春秋季温升对其生长影响较小,而在夏季,其生长受到显著抑制。亚心形扁藻对游离余氯非常敏感,0.1 mg/L游离余氯既能抑制其生长,抑制作用随着游离余氯浓度的升高而增强。温升会加剧游离余氯的抑制作用,4℃温升和0.1 mg/L游离余氯联合作用对亚心形扁藻的抑制效果明显增加。由于温升和游离余氯的联合作用,即使在离排口较远的水域,仍然会导致亚心形扁藻数量减少。  相似文献   

Comparative toxic effects of copper-based nanoparticles and their microparticles in Daphnia magna by using natural freshwater media     

Francisca Arratia  Pamela Olivares-Ferretti  Alba García-Rodríguez  Ricard Marcos 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2019,53(3):460-469

Copper-based nanoparticles (NPs) are being widely used in different application fields and their health impacts to aquatic environments represent a current concern. Few studies are available about their comparative toxicity with their bulks and ions under natural exposition in aquatic organisms. Thus, the toxicity of Cu and CuO NPs and their microparticle and ionic forms was assayed in the acute immobilisation test of Daphnia magna by using freshwater media. Electronic microscopy, laser doppler velocimetry, and dynamic laser scattering methodologies were used to NPs characterisation. The results indicated that CuNPs and CuONPs were more toxic than their microparticles. Among NPs, CuNPs showed higher toxicity than CuONPs. Copper-based nanoparticles showed similar hydrodynamic particle size and were agglomerated in culture media, suggesting toxic-ionic release relationship and corroborated by the high toxicity induced by CuSO₄. Additionally, water chemistry of natural freshwater used in the experiments also favoured the ion release of these NPs.  相似文献   

Climate and hydrological changes in the Ob River Basin during 1936–2017     

Min Xu  Shichang Kang  Xiaoming Wang  Hao Wu  Didi Hu  Daqing Yang 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1821-1836

Changes in the hydrological regimes of Arctic rivers could affect the thermohaline circulation of the Arctic Ocean. In this study, we analysed spatiotemporal variations in temperature and precipitation in the Ob River Basin regions during 1936–2017 based on data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Center. Changes in discharge and response to climate change were examined based on monthly observed data during the same period. It is indicated the Ob River Basin experienced significant overall rapid warming and wetting (increased precipitation) in the study period, with average rates of 0.20°C (10 year⁻¹) and 5.3 mm (10 year⁻¹), respectively. The annual spatial variations of temperature and precipitation showed different scales in different regions. The discharge in spring and winter significantly increased at a rate of 384.1 and 173.1 m³/s (10 year⁻¹), respectively. Hydrograph separation indicated infiltration and supported that deep flow paths increased the contribution of groundwater to base flow. Meanwhile, the variation of the ratio of Q_max/Q_min suggested that the basin storage and the mechanism of discharge generation have significantly changed. The hydrological processes were influenced by changes of permafrost in a certain in the Ob River Basin. An increase in the recession coefficient (RC) implies that the permafrost degradation in the basin due to climate warming affected hydrological processes in winter. Permafrost degradation affected the Q_max/Q_min more significantly in the warm season than RC due to the enhanced infiltration that converted more surface water into groundwater in the cold season. The impact of precipitation on discharge, including surface flow and base flow, was more significant than temperature at the annual and seasonal scales in the Ob River Basin. The base flow was more obviously influenced by temperature than surface flow. The results of this study are significant for analyses of the basin water budget and freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean.  相似文献   

Concentration–discharge relationships describe solute and sediment mobilization,reaction, and transport at event and longer timescales          下载免费PDF全文

Lucy A. Rose  Diana L. Karwan  Sarah E. Godsey 《水文研究》2018,32(18):2829-2844

Concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships reflect material sources, storage, reaction, proximity, and transport in catchments. Differences in hydrologic pathways and connectivity influence observed C‐Q patterns at the catchment outlet. We examined solute and sediment C‐Q relationships at event and interannual timescales in a small mid‐Atlantic (USA) catchment. We found systematic differences in the C‐Q behaviour of geogenic/exogenous solutes (e.g., calcium and nitrate), biologically associated solutes (e.g., dissolved organic carbon), and particulate materials (e.g., total suspended solids). Negative log(C)–log(Q) regression slopes, indicating dilution, were common for geogenic solutes whereas positive slopes, indicating concentration increase, were common for biologically associated solutes. Biologically associated solutes often exhibited counterclockwise hysteresis during events whereas geogenic solutes exhibited clockwise hysteresis. Across event and interannual timescales, solute C‐Q patterns are linked to the spatial distribution of hydrologic sources and the timing and sequence of hydro‐biogeochemical source contributions to the stream. Groundwater is the primary source of stormflow during the earliest and latest stages of events, whereas precipitation and soil water become increasingly connected to the stream near peakflow. This sequence and timing of flowpath connectivity results in dilution and clockwise hysteresis for geogenic/exogenous solutes and concentration increase and counterclockwise hysteresis for biologically associated solutes. Particulate materials demonstrated positive C‐Q slopes over the long‐term and clockwise hysteresis during individual events. Drivers of particulate and solute C‐Q relationships differ, based on longitudinal and lateral expansion of active channels and changing shear stresses with increasing flows. Although important distinctions exist between the drivers of solute and sediment C‐Q relationships, overall solute and sediment C‐Q patterns at event and interannual timescales reflect consistent catchment hydro‐biogeochemical processes.  相似文献   

Modelling multiseasonal preferential transport of dissolved organic carbon in a shallow forest soil: Equilibrium versus kinetic sorption     

Jaromir Dusek  Michal Dohnal  Tomas Vogel  Anne Marx  Johannes A.C. Barth 《水文研究》2019,33(22):2898-2917

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